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on board charger in electric vehicle
Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment Electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) supplies electricity to an electric vehicle (EV). Commonly called charging stations or charging docks, they provide electric power to the vehicle and use that to recharge the vehicle's batteries. EVSE systems include the electrical conductors, related equipment, software, and communications protocols that deliver energy efficiently and safely to the vehicle. Charging Equipment The function of the charging equipment is to transmit the burden materials through the locks in the furnace to desired locations on the burden surface in the throat. For many years, the two-bell charging system with movable armor was the only proper charging equipment but nowadays the bell-less rotating chute is dominating. The advantages of the bell-less top is the more accurate filling of the furnace and better gas tightness with higher top pressures. The stock level is measured either with a mechanical stock rod or with a radar.
PV Panel recycling technologies
Solar power is booming, with millions of metric tons of solar panels being produced each year. A panel has a projected lifespan of about 25 years, which means that today’s new solar farms will go out of service in the late 2040s. Most of the weight in a solar panel, about 75 percent, is glass, aluminum, with 10 percent; wiring in a junction box, at 5 percent; and silicon, with just 3.5 percent. Dedicated recyclers are needed, the authors write, to do a more thorough job of recycling all the components of a panel—including the crystalline silicon in the photovoltaic cells themselves. Silicon wafers account for about half the cost of a panel, as well as over half the energy and carbon footprint of manufacturing a panel. But silicon isn't currently being targeted for recycling much because the recovered silicon isn't pure enough to go straight back to a wafer manufacturer. Studies show that the impurity levels are an important issue during the recycling processes. The resulting